Project MKULTRA

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigati= on,=20 search<= /A>

"MKULTRA" redirects here. For other uses, see MKULTRA=20 (disambiguation).

=20

Declassified MKULTRA documents

Project MK-ULTRA, or MKULTRA, was the code name for a = covert CIA= mind-control and = chemical=20 interrogation research program, run by the Office=20 of Scientific Intelligence, that began in the early 1950s and = continued at=20 least through the late 1960s.^[1]=[2]= [3]= =20 There is much published evidence that the project involved the = surreptitious use=20 of many types of drugs, as well as other methodology, to manipulate = individual=20 mental states and to alter brain function.^[4]=

Project MK-ULTRA was first brought to wide public attention in 1975 = by the U.S. = Congress, through investigations by the Church = Committee, and=20 by a presidential commission known as the Rockefeller = Commission. Investigative efforts were hampered by the fact that CIA = Director Richard Helms = ordered all=20 MK-ULTRA files destroyed in 1973; the Church Committee and Rockefeller=20 Commission investigations relied on the sworn testimony of direct = participants=20 and on the relatively small number of documents that survived Helms' = destruction=20 order. ^[5]=

Although the CIA insists that MK-ULTRA-type experiments have been = abandoned,=20 14-year CIA veteran Victor Marchetti has stated in various interviews = that the=20 CIA routinely conducts disinformation campaigns and that CIA mind=20 control research continued. In a 1977 interview, Marchetti = specifically=20 called the CIA claim that MK-ULTRA was abandoned a 'cover story.'.[6]= [7]=

On the Senate floor in 1977, Senator Ted = Kennedy=20 said:

The Deputy Director of the CIA revealed that over thirty = universities and=20 institutions were involved in an 'extensive testing and = experimentation'=20 program which included covert drug tests on unwitting citizens 'at all = social=20 levels, high and low, native Americans and foreign.' Several of these = tests=20 involved the administration of LSD to 'unwitting = subjects in=20 social situations.' At least one death, that of Dr. [Frank] = Olson,=20 resulted from these activities. The Agency itself acknowledged that = these=20 tests made little scientific sense. The agents doing the monitoring = were not=20 qualified scientific observers.^[8]=

<= SPAN=20 class=3Dtocnumber>1 Title and=20 origins=20
2 Aims =
3 Budget=20
4 Experiments=20
- 4.1 Drugs=20
  
  4.1.1 LSD=20
  4.1.2 Other=20 drugs
- 4.2 Hypnosis=20
- 4.3 Canadian=20 experiments
5 Revelation=20
6 U.S. General = Accounting=20 Office Report=20
7 Deaths=20
8 Famous = subjects=20
9 Conspiracy=20 theories=20
10 Popular = culture=20
11 See = also=20
12 Sources=20
- 12.1 References=20
- 12.2 Government = Documents=20
- 12.3 Articles=20
- 12.4 Books=20
13 External = links=20

[edit]=20 Title and origins

This section needs additional citations<= /A>=20 for verificatio= n.
Please=20 help improve this article by adding reliable= =20 references. Unsourced material may be challenged = and=20 removed. (April 2008)

=20

Dr. Sidney = Gottlieb=20 approved of an MKULTRA subproject on LSD in this June 9, 1953 = letter.

The project's intentionally oblique CIA cryptonym is = made up=20 of the digraph MK, meaning that the project was sponsored by the = agency's=20 Technical Services Division, followed by the arbitrary dictionary word=20 ULTRA. Other related cryptonyms include MK-NAOMI and MK-DELTA.

A precursor of the MK-ULTRA program began in 1945 when the Joint=20 Intelligence Objectives Agency was established and given direct=20 responsibility for Operation = Paperclip.=20 Operation Paperclip was a program to recruit former Nazi spies, = scientists=20 and experts in torture and brainwashing, = some of whom=20 had just been identified and prosecuted as war=20 criminals during the Nuremberg = Trials.

Several secret U.S. government projects grew out of Operation = Paperclip.=20 These projects included Project = CHATTER=20 (established 1947), and Project = BLUEBIRD=20 (established 1950), which was later renamed to Project = ARTICHOKE in=20 1951. Their purpose was to study mind-control, interrogation, behavior=20 modification and related topics.

Headed by Dr. Sidney = Gottlieb, the=20 MK-ULTRA project was started on the order of CIA director Allen=20 Dulles on April 13, 1953,^[9]==20 largely in response to Soviet, Chinese, and North=20 Korean use of mind-control = techniques on=20 U.S. prisoners of = war in Korea.^[10]=20 The CIA wanted to use similar methods on their own captives. The CIA was = also=20 interested in being able to manipulate foreign leaders with such = techniques,[11]=20 and would later invent several schemes to drug Fidel Castro.

Experiments were often conducted without the subjects' knowledge or=20 consent.^[12]=20 In some cases, academic researchers being funded through grants from CIA = front=20 organizations were unaware that their work was being used for these=20 purposes.[13]

In 1964, the project was renamed MK-SEARCH. The project attempted to = produce=20 a perfect truth drug for use = in=20 interrogating suspected Soviet spies during the Cold War, and = generally to=20 explore any other possibilities of mind control.

An MK-ULTRA program tagged "Operation = Teapot"=20 involved the testing of pregnant women with radiation, among other = things. Also=20 under this program, U.S. Army soldiers = were dosed=20 with LSD to study the effects = of=20 panic.^{[citation =

needed]}

Another MK-ULTRA effort, Subproject 54, was the Navy's top secret = "Perfect=20 Concussion" program, which used sub aural frequency blasts to erase = memory.=20 During this program LSD's corollary effect on controlled and channeled = mass=20 panic was discovered. ^[14]

MK-ULTRA head Sidney = Gottlieb was=20 involved with both Operation Teapot and Subproject 54. The U.S. = government=20 officially denied involvement until 1995 when an official apology was = issued to=20 the pregnant women and to the affected U.S. Army soldiers. However no = apologies=20 were offered to the affected U.S. Navy sailors or = to a=20 group of Oregon=20 prison inmates, whose testicles were irradiated without their = knowledge.[citation = needed] Compensation for medical treatment = resulting from=20 these experiments has been disputed and remains tied up in arbitration = more than=20 40 years after the fact. Since 1995, most of the associated files have = been=20 reclassified as Top Secret.

Because most MK-ULTRA records were deliberately destroyed in 1973 by = order of=20 then CIA Director Richard Helms, = it has been=20 difficult, if not impossible, for investigators to gain a complete = understanding=20 of the more than 150 individually funded research sub-projects sponsored = by MK=20 Ultra and related CIA programs.^[15]

[edit]=20 Aims

The Agency poured millions of dollars into studies probing dozens of = methods=20 of influencing and controlling the mind. One 1955 MK-ULTRA document = gives an=20 indication of the size and range of the effort; this document refers to = the=20 study of an assortment of mind-altering substances described as = follows:[16]

Substances which will promote illogical thinking and = impulsiveness to=20 the point where the recipient would be discredited in public.=20
Substances which increase the efficiency of mentation and = perception.=20
Materials which will prevent or counteract the intoxicating = effect of=20 alcohol.=20
Materials which will promote the intoxicating effect of alcohol. =
Materials which will produce the signs and symptoms of = recognized=20 diseases in a reversible way so that they may be used for = malingering, etc.=20
Materials which will render the induction of hypnosis easier or=20 otherwise enhance its usefulness.=20
Substances which will enhance the ability of individuals to = withstand=20 privation, torture and coercion during interrogation and so-called=20 "brain-washing".=20
Materials and physical methods which will produce amnesia for = events=20 preceding and during their use.=20
Physical methods of producing shock and confusion over extended = periods=20 of time and capable of surreptitious use.=20
Substances which produce physical disablement such as paralysis = of the=20 legs, acute anemia, etc.=20
Substances which will produce "pure" euphoria with no subsequent = let-down.=20
Substances which alter personality structure in such a way that = the=20 tendency of the recipient to become dependent upon another person is = enhanced.=20
A material which will cause mental confusion of such a type that = the=20 individual under its influence will find it difficult to maintain a=20 fabrication under questioning.=20
Substances which will lower the ambition and general working = efficiency=20 of men when administered in undetectable amounts.=20
Substances which promote weakness or distortion of the eyesight = or=20 hearing faculties, preferably without permanent effects.=20
A knockout pill which can surreptitiously be administered in = drinks,=20 food, cigarettes, as an aerosol, etc., which will be safe to use, = provide a=20 maximum of amnesia, and be suitable for use by agent types on an ad = hoc=20 basis.=20
A material which can be surreptitiously administered by the = above routes=20 and which in very small amounts will make it impossible for a man to = perform=20 any physical activity whatsoever.

Historians have learned that creating a "Manchurian=20 Candidate" subject through "mind control" techniques was undoubtedly = a goal=20 of MK-ULTRA and related CIA projects.^[17]=20 However, there is no conclusive evidence the CIA actually succeeded in=20 controlling a person's actions through mind control.

[edit]=20 Budget

A secretive arrangement granted a percentage of the CIA budget. The = MK-ULTRA=20 director was granted six percent of the CIA operating budget in 1953, = without=20 oversight or accounting.^[18]

An estimated US$10m or more were spent^[19].

[edit]=20 Experiments

CIA documents suggest that "chemical, biological and radiological" = means were=20 investigated for the purpose of mind control as part of MK-ULTRA.[20]

[edit]=20 Drugs

[edit]=20 LSD

Early efforts focused on LSD, which later came to = dominate=20 many of MK-ULTRA's programs.

Experiments included administering LSD to CIA employees, military = personnel,=20 doctors, other government agents, prostitutes, = mentally ill=20 patients, and members of the general public in order to study their = reactions.=20 LSD and other drugs were usually administered without the subject's = knowledge=20 and informed consent, a violation of the Nuremberg Code = that the=20 U.S. agreed to follow after World War II.

Efforts to "recruit" subjects were often illegal, even discounting = the fact=20 that drugs were being administered (though actual use of LSD, for = example, was=20 legal in the United States until October 6, 1966). In Operation= Midnight=20 Climax, the CIA set up several brothels to obtain a = selection=20 of men who would be too embarrassed to talk about the events. The men = were dosed=20 with LSD, and the brothels were equipped with one-way mirrors and the = "sessions"=20 were filmed for later viewing and study.^[21]

Some subjects' participation was consensual, and in many of these = cases, the=20 subjects appeared to be singled out for even more extreme experiments. = In one=20 case, volunteers were given LSD for 77 consecutive days.^[22]

LSD was eventually dismissed by MK-ULTRA's researchers as too = unpredictable=20 in its results.[1]=20 Although useful information was sometimes obtained through questioning = subjects=20 on LSD, not uncommonly the most marked effect would be the subject's = absolute=20 and utter certainty that they were able to withstand any form of = interrogation=20 attempt, even physical torture.

[edit]=20 Other drugs

Another technique investigated was connecting a barbiturate IV into one arm = and an amphetamine IV into the = other.[23]=20 The barbiturates were released into the subject first, and as soon as = the=20 subject began to fall asleep, the amphetamines were released. The = subject would=20 begin babbling incoherently at this point, and it was sometimes possible = to ask=20 questions and get useful answers.

Other experiments involved heroin, morphine, temazepam (used = under code=20 name MK-SEARCH), mescaline, psilocybin, scopolamine, marijuana, alcohol, and sodium = pentothal.[24]

[edit]=20 Hypnosis

Declassified MK-ULTRA documents indicate hypnosis was studied = in the=20 early 1950s. Experimental goals included: the creation of "hypnotically = induced=20 anxieties,"=20 "hypnotically increasing ability to learn and recall complex written = matter,"=20 studying hypnosis and polygraph = examinations,=20 "hypnotically increasing ability to observe and recall complex = arrangements of=20 physical objects," and studying "relationship of personality to = susceptibility=20 to hypnosis."^[25]

[edit]=20 Canadian experiments

The experiments were exported to Canada when the CIA = recruited=20 Scottish physician Donald Ewen = Cameron,=20 creator of the "psychic = driving"=20 concept, which the CIA found particularly interesting. Cameron had been = hoping=20 to correct schizophrenia by erasing existing memories and completely = rebuilding,=20 or programming=20 the psyche. He commuted from Albany, New = York to Montreal every=20 week to work at the Allan = Memorial=20 Institute of McGill = University and=20 was paid $69,000 from 1957 to 1964 to carry out MKULTRA experiments = there. In=20 addition to LSD, Cameron also experimented with various paralytic drugs = as well=20 as electroco= nvulsive=20 therapy at thirty to forty times the normal power. His "driving" = experiments=20 consisted of putting subjects into drug-induced coma for weeks at a time = (up to=20 three months in one case) while playing tape loops of noise = or simple=20 repetitive statements. His experiments were typically carried out on = patients=20 who had entered the institute for minor problems such as anxiety = disorders and=20 postpartum depression, many of whom suffered permanently from his = actions.[26]=20 His treatments resulted in victims' incontinence, amnesia,=20 forgetting how to talk, forgetting their parents, and thinking their=20 interrogators were their parents.^[27]=20 His work was inspired and paralleled by the British psychiatrist Dr William = Sargant at St Thomas'=20 Hospital, London, and Belmont Hospital, Surrey, who also = experimented=20 extensively and very damagingly on his patients without their consent = and was=20 similarly involved with the Intelligence Services.^[28]=20 Dr. Cameron and Dr. Sargant are the only two identified Canadian = experimenters,=20 but the MKULTRA file makes reference to many other unnamed physicians = who were=20 recruited by the CIA and CSIS.[dubiou= s=20 =E2=80=93 d= iscuss]

It was during this era that Cameron became known worldwide as the = first=20 chairman of the World= =20 Psychiatric Association as well as president of the Am= erican=20 and Canadian psychiatric associations. Cameron had also been a member of = the Nurember= g medical=20 tribunal only a decade earlier.^[29]

[edit]=20 Revelation

In 1973, CIA Director Richard Helms = ordered all=20 MK-ULTRA files destroyed. Pursuant to this order, most CIA documents = regarding=20 the project were destroyed, making a full investigation of MK-ULTRA all = but=20 impossible.

In December 1974, The New York=20 Times reported that the CIA had conducted illegal domestic = activities,=20 including experiments on U.S. citizens, during the 1960s. That report = prompted=20 investigations by the U.S. = Congress, in the form of the Church Committee, and by a presidential = commission known as the Rockefeller = Commission that looked into domestic activities of the CIA, the FBI= , and=20 intelligence-related agencies of the military.

In the summer of 1975, congressional Church = Committee=20 reports and the presidential Rockefeller = Commission report revealed to the public for the first time that the = CIA and=20 the Department=20 of Defense had conducted experiments on both unwitting and cognizant = human=20 subjects as part of an extensive program to influence and control human = behavior=20 through the use of psychoactive = drugs=20 such as LSD and mescaline and other = chemical,=20 biological, and psychological means. They also revealed that at least = one=20 subject had died after administration of LSD.

The congressional committee investigating the CIA research, chaired = by=20 Senator Frank Church, = concluded=20 that "[p]rior consent was obviously not obtained from any of the = subjects". The=20 committee noted that the "experiments sponsored by these researchers ... = call=20 into question the decision by the agencies not to fix guidelines for=20 experiments."

Following the recommendations of the Church Committee, President Gerald=20 Ford in 1976 issued the first Executive Order on Intelligence = Activities=20 which, among other things, prohibited "experimentation with drugs on = human=20 subjects, except with the informed = consent, in=20 writing and witnessed by a disinterested party, of each such human = subject" and=20 in accordance with the guidelines issued by the National Commission. = Subsequent=20 orders by Presidents Carter and Reagan expanded = the=20 directive to apply to any human experimentation.

On the heels of the revelations about CIA experiments, similar = stories=20 surfaced regarding U.S. Army = experiments. In 1975=20 the Secretary of the Army instructed the Army Inspector General to = conduct an=20 investigation. Among the findings of the Inspector General was the = existence of=20 a 1953 memorandum penned by then Secretary of Defense Charles Erwin = Wilson. Documents show that the CIA participated in at least two of=20 Department of Defense committees during 1952. These committee findings = led to=20 the issuance of the "Wilson Memo," which mandated--in accord with Nuremberg Code=20 protocols--that only volunteers be used for experimental operations = conducted in=20 the U.S. armed forces. In response to the Inspector General's = investigation, the=20 Wilson Memo was declassified in August 1975.

With regard to drug testing within the Army, the Inspector General = found that=20 "the evidence clearly reflected that every possible medical = consideration was=20 observed by the professional investigators at the Medical Research=20 Laboratories." However the Inspector General also found that the = mandated=20 requirements of Wilson's 1953 memorandum had been only partially adhered = to; he=20 concluded that the "volunteers were not fully informed, as required, = prior to=20 their participation; and the methods of procuring their services, in = many cases,=20 appeared not to have been in accord with the intent of Department of the = Army=20 policies governing use of volunteers in research."

Other branches of the U.S. armed forces, the Air Force for example, = were=20 found not to have adhered to Wilson Memo stipulations regarding = voluntary drug=20 testing.

In Canada, the issue took much longer to surface, becoming widely = known in=20 1984 on a C= BC=20 news show, The Fifth = Estate.=20 It was learned that not only had the CIA funded Dr. = Cameron's=20 efforts, but perhaps even more shockingly, the Canadian government was = fully=20 aware of this, and had later provided another $500,000 in funding to = continue=20 the experiments. This revelation largely derailed efforts by the victims = to sue=20 the CIA as their U.S. counterparts had, and the Canadian government = eventually=20 settled out of court for $100,000 to each of the 127 victims.

[edit]=20 U.S. General Accounting Office = Report

The U.S. General Accounting Office issued a report on September 28, 1994, which stated that = between=20 1940 and 1974, DOD and other national security agencies studied = thousands of=20 human subjects in tests and experiments involving hazardous = substances.

The quote from the study:

... Working with the CIA, the Department of Defense gave = hallucinogenic=20 drugs to thousands of "volunteer" soldiers in the 1950's and 1960's. = In=20 addition to LSD, the Army also tested quinuclid= inyl=20 benzilate, a hallucinogen code-named BZ. = (Note=20 37) Many of these tests were conducted under the so-called MKULTRA = program,=20 established to counter perceived Soviet and Chinese advances in = brainwashing=20 techniques. Between 1953 and 1964, the program consisted of 149 = projects=20 involving drug testing and other studies on unwitting human = subjects...[30]

[edit]=20 Deaths

Harold=20 Blauer, a professional tennis player in New York City, = died as a=20 result of a secret Army experiment involving MDA.[31]

Frank=20 Olson, a United States = Army=20 biochemist and biological = weapons=20 researcher, was given LSD without his knowledge or consent in 1953 as = part of a=20 CIA experiment, and committed suicide a week later following a severe = psychotic=20 episode. A CIA doctor assigned to monitor Olson's recovery claimed to be = asleep=20 in another bed in a New York City hotel room when Olson jumped through = the=20 window to fall ten stories to his death.^=
[32]

Olson's son disputes this version of events, and maintains that his = father=20 was murdered due to his knowledge of the often-lethal interrogation = techniques=20 employed by the CIA in Europe, used on Cold = War=20 prisoners. Frank Olson's body was exhumed in 1994, and cranial injuries=20 indicated Olson had been knocked unconscious before exiting the = window.[33]

The CIA's own internal investigation, by contrast, claimed Gottlieb = had=20 conducted the experiment with Olson's prior knowledge, although neither = Olson=20 nor the other men taking part in the experiment were informed as to the = exact=20 nature of the drug until some 20 minutes after its ingestion. The report = further=20 suggested that Gottlieb was nonetheless due a reprimand, as he had = failed to=20 take into account Olsen's already-diagnosed suicidal tendencies, which = might=20 well have been exacerbated by the LSD.= [32][34]

[edit]=20 Famous subjects

Considerable evidence supports the contention that Theodore = Kaczynski=20 participated in CIA-sponsored MK-ULTRA experiments conducted at Harvard = University by=20 Henry=20 Murray, a professor in Social Relations, from the fall of 1959 = through the=20 spring of 1962. Kaczynski was subjected to "a disturbing and what would = now be=20 seen as an ethically indefensible experiment on twenty-two = undergraduates."=20 Kaczynski was a precocious, though impressionable, sixteen-year-old when = he=20 began his participation; his assigned code name was "Lawful." He = emerged,=20 decades later, as the Unabomber and has been sentenced to life in prison = without the=20 possibility of parole. ^[35]=20 [36]

Merry = Prankster Ken = Kesey,=20 author of One=20 Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, volunteered for MK-ULTRA = experiments while=20 he was a student at Stanford = University.=20 Kesey's ingestion of LSD during these experiments led directly to his = widespread=20 promotion of the drug and the subsequent development of hippie culture.

Candy=20 Jones, American fashion model and radio host, claimed to have been a = victim=20 of mind control in the '60s, but her account has not been verified.

Infamous Irish mob boss, James = "Whitey"=20 Bulger volunteered for testing while in prison.[2]

[edit]=20 Conspiracy theories

MK-ULTRA plays a part in many conspiracy = theories=20 given its nature and the destruction of most records. Some claim the = MK-ULTRA=20 project was linked with the assassination of Robert F. = Kennedy.=20 They have argued that there is evidence that the assassin, Sirhan=20 Sirhan, had been subjected to mind control, though such ideas are = generally=20 dismissed due to a lack of supporting evidence. Recently, these views = have=20 become more widespread after the evidence cited by Sirhan's most recent = lawyer=20 Lawrence = Teeter, in the=20 June = 11, 2003 Interview with Sirhan's attorney Lawrence Teeter on KPFA = 94.1 /=20 Guns & Butter show.

After Leo=20 Ryan was murdered at Jonestown, his = children filed=20 a lawsuit claiming that the CIA had been operating Jonestown as part of = their=20 MK-ULTRA program, and that Richard=20 Dwyer, the Deputy Chief of Mission from the US Embassy who had = organized the=20 trip on Ryan's behalf, was a CIA agent. The lawsuit was dismissed.

The majority of U.S. government records concerning Jonestown remain = sealed to=20 this day, per the National Archives policy of sealing records for 75 = years.[3]

Some, such as Cathy O'Brien = and=20 others, claim that MK-ULTRA involved the abduction and/or brainwashing = of=20 children as an aspect of satanic = ritual=20 abuse [4] or other crimes against children. Some research = has=20 verified this ^[37]=20 [38]=20 [39]=20 [40]=20 [41]=20 [42][43]=20 [44]=20 [45]=20 though some contest this [5].

[edit]=20 Popular culture

MKULTRA is referenced in the plots of The Ambler=20 Warning by Robert Ludlum, = The= =20 Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test by Tom Wolfe, Firestarter = by Stephen=20 King, Just a = Couple of=20 Days by Tony Vigorito, Murder=20 in the CIA by Margaret = Truman, The = Manchurian=20 Candidate by Richard = Condon, The=20 Telling of Lies by Timothy = Findley; and=20 The = Watchmen by John Altman = (author); the films Conspiracy= =20 Theory, The Good=20 Shepherd, and Jacob's=20 Ladder; the television series Angel, = The = Lone=20 Gunmen, Numb3rs, Bones, = and The=20 X-Files; the games Conspiracy = X and=20 The = Suffering:=20 Prison is Hell; the character Deathstr= oke the=20 Terminator in the Teen = Titans=20 by DC=20 Comics.=20
The bands mk Ultra and MK-ULTRA took=20 their names from these projects. MKULTRA is also referenced by such = musical=20 artists as Black = Rebel=20 Motorcycle Club, Fatboy Slim, Green Magnet = School, Immortal = Technique,=20 Canibus, The = Manic=20 Street Preachers, Muse, The Orb, Sirius=20 Isness, Lustmord side = project Terror = Against=20 Terror, and Tokyo Police = Club.=20
MKULTRA also provides a name for a move by professional = wrestler Sterling = James=20 Keenan and a strain of medical = marijuana.=20

[edit]=20 See also

Operation=20 Paperclip=20
Project=20 ARTICHOKE=20
Project=20 BLUEBIRD=20
Project = CHATTER=20
Sidney = Gottlieb=20
United=20 States v. Stanley, US Supreme Court case=20
William = Sargant=20

[edit]=20 Sources

[edit]=20 References

^ Science,=20 Technology and the CIA=20
^ "Chapter 3, part 4: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the = Nuremberg=20 Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals". Advisory = Committee=20 on Human Radiation Experiments Final Report. Retrieved on August = 24, 2005.=20 "The CIA program, known principally by the codename MKULTRA, began in = 1950"=20
^ U.S.=20 Congress: The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with = Respect=20 to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence (Church=20 Committee report), report no. 94-755, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. = (Washington, D.C.:=20 GPO, 1976); p. 392 "According to the CIA, the project [MKULTRA] = was=20 decreased significantly each budget year until its complete = termination in the=20 late 1960s."=20
^ The=20 referenced sentence was originally sourced from here;=20 it is not obvious what the context of this reference was.=20
^<= /A>=20 "An Interview with Richard Helms", CIA. Retrieved on 2008-03-16. =20
^ http://www.skepticfiles.org/socialis/marcheti.htm, = retrieved=20 22 August 2007=20
^ John=20 Marks interview with Victor = Marchetti,=20 quoted in Martin Cannon, "Mind Control and the American Government", = Lobster = Magazine 23,=20 1992=20
^ This=20 quote is from the Opening Remarks by Senator Ted Kennedy during the = August 3, 1977=20 meeting of the U.S. Senate Select Committee On Intelligence, and = Subcommittee=20 On Health And Scientific Research of the Committee On Human = Resources;=20 online version from the Schaffer Library of Drug Policy, a unofficial = website.=20
^=20 Church Committee; p. 390 "MKULTRA was approved by the DCI[Director of = Central=20 Intelligence] on April 13, 1953"=20
^ "Chapter 3, part 4: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the = Nuremberg=20 Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals". Advisory = Committee=20 on Human Radiation Experiments Final Report. Retrieved on August = 24, 2005.=20 "MKULTRA, began in 1950 and was motivated largely in response to = alleged=20 Soviet, Chinese, and North Korean uses of mind-control techniques on = U.S.=20 prisoners of war in Korea."=20
^=20 Church Committee; p. 391 "A special procedure, designated MKDELTA, = was=20 established to govern the use of MKULTRA materials abroad. Such = materials were=20 used on a number of occasions."=20
^=20 Church Committee; "The congressional committee investigating the CIA = research,=20 chaired by Senator Frank Church, = concluded=20 that '[p]rior consent was obviously not obtained from any of the = subjects.'"=20
^=20 Price, David (June, 2007). "Buying a Piece of Anthropology: Human Ecology and = unwitting=20 anthropological research for the CIA" (PDF). Anthropology = Today=20 23 (3): 3=E2=80=9313. = Retrieved on 2008-04-13. =20
^ http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/History/e1950/mkultra/= Hearing05.htm,=20 retrieved 25 April 2008=20
^ "Chapter 3, part 4: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the = Nuremberg=20 Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals". Advisory = Committee=20 on Human Radiation Experiments Final Report. Retrieved on August = 24, 2005.=20 (identical sentence) "Because most of the MKULTRA records were = deliberately=20 destroyed in 1973 ... MK Ultra and the related CIA programs."=20
^ "Senate MKULTRA Hearing: Appendix C--Documents Referring = to=20 Subprojects, [page 167, in PDF document page numbering.]". Senate = Select=20 Committee on Intelligence and Committee on Human Resources (August 3, = 1977).=20 Retrieved on 2007-08-22.=20
^=20 Ranelagh, John O'Beirne, The agency: the rise and decline of the = CIA,=20 Simon and Schuster, 1986=20
^ Declassified=20
^ Mind = Control and the=20 Secret State=20
^ Declassified=20
^=20 Marks 1979: 106-107.=20
^ NPR=20 Fresh Air. June 28, 2007 and Tim Weiner, The Legacy of Ashes: The = History=20 of the CIA.=20
^=20 Marks 1979: pp 40-42.=20
^=20 Marks 1979: chapters 3 and 7.=20
^ Declassified=20
^=20 Marks 1979: pp 140-150.=20
^=20 Turbide, Diane (1997-04-21). "Dr. = Cameron=E2=80=99s=20 Casualties". Retrieved on 2007-09-09.=20
^ Anne=20 Collins, In the Sleep Room (Toronto: Lester and Orpen Dennys, = 1988, ISBN= =20 0-88619-198-X), p. 39, pp. 42-3, p. 133.=20
^=20 Marks 1979: p 141.=20
^=20 Quote from "Is Military Research Hazardous to Veterans Health? = Lessons=20 Spanning Half A Century", part F. HALLUCINOGENS 103rd Congress, = 2nd=20 Session-S. Prt. 103-97; Staff Report prepared for the committee on = veterans'=20 affairs December 8, 1994 John D. Rockefeller IV, West Virginia, = Chairman.=20 Online copy provided by gulfweb.org, which describes itself as = "Serving the=20 Gulf War Veteran Community Worldwide Since 1994". (The same document = is=20 available from many other (unofficial) sites, which may or may not = be=20 independent.)=20
^=20 Marks 1979: p 72n.=20
^ ^a=20 ^b=20 Marks 1979: chapter 5.=20
^=20 Jonson, Ron 2004=20
^ CIA Off Campus: Building the Movement Against Agency = Recruitment=20 and Research=20
^ http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/2000/06/chase.htm,=20 retrieved 10 March, 2008=20
^ CIA Shrinks=20 and LSD=20
^ Extreme=20 Abuse Survey results "Secret government-sponsored mind control = experiments=20 were performed on me as a child." Out of a total of 1000 respondents, = 257 or=20 26% answered "yes"=20
^=20 Lusetich, Robert (06-28-2007). "'Family Jewels' reveal CIA altered mind of = four-year-old=20 girl", The Australian. "The nature of the experiments, = gathered from=20 government documentsand testimony in numerous lawsuits brought against = the=20 CIA, is shocking, from testing LSD on children to implanting = electrodes=20 invictims' brains to deliberately poisoning people with uranium. "The = CIA=20 bought my services from my grandfather in 1952 starting at the tender = age of=20 four," wrote Carol Rutz of her experiences. "Over the next 12 years, I = was=20 tested, trained, and used in various ways. "Electroshock, drugs, = hypnosis,=20 sensory deprivation, and other types of trauma were used to make me = complain=20 and split my personality (to create multiplepersonalities for specific = tasks)."" =20
^ CIA = Experiments=20 with Mind Control on Children by Jon Rappoport=20
^=20 Becker,=20 T; Karriker W; Overkamp B; Rutz, C (2008). "The extreme abuse surveys: = Preliminary findings regarding dissociative identity disorder", = Forensic=20 aspects of dissociative identity disorder. London: Karnac Books, = 32-49. ISBN= =20 1-855-75596-3. =20
^ http://my.dmci.net/~casey/=20 A Nation Betrayed - The Chilling True Story - Secret Cold War = Experiments=20 Performed on our Children and Other Innocent People by Carol Rutz=20
^ CKLN-FM=20 Mind Control Series - Part 7 - Claudia Mullen Presentation & = Interview=20
^ CKLN-FM=20 Mind Control Series - Part 5 Interview With Valerie Wolf, Claudia = Mullen,=20 Chris deNicola Ebner=20
^ The CIA, Mind Control & Children - CKLN-FM Mind = Control=20 Series - Part 10 A Talk by John Rappoport=20
^ Valerie=20 Wolf Interview

[edit]=20 Government Documents

[6] U.S. Congress: The Select Committee to Study = Governmental=20 Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and = Military=20 Intelligence (Church Committee report), report no. 94-755, 94th Cong., = 2d=20 Sess. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1976), 394.=20

A link to the first page on MKULTRA.=20
A link to the first page on Frank Olson.

[7] U.S. Senate: Joint Hearing before The Select = Committee on=20 Intelligence and The Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of = the=20 Committee on Human Resources, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. August 3, 1977=20
[8] U.S. Department of Energy: Supreme Court = Dissents Invoke=20 the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals=20
[9] U.S. Department of Energy: The Records of Our = Past=20
[10] Office of the Director of Central Intelligence = (ODCI):=20 Studies in Intelligence - Fifteen DCIs' First 100 Day=20
Entire=20 MKULTRA Document Archive=20
Entire MKULTRA Document Archive in PDF format =

[edit]=20 Articles

(sorted by date)

"Book Disputes CIA Chief on Mind-Control Efforts", by Bill = Richards.=20 The Washington Post, January 29, 1979, page A2.=20
"The CIA's Attempt At Mind Control: Bad Trips?", The Washington = Post, February 15, 1979, page C2.=20
"Canadians Sue U.S. Over CIA Tests Of Behavior Modification = Methods", by=20 Laura A. Kiernan. The Washington Post, December 12, 1980, page A44.=20
"Tests Contradict U.S. Story of Man's Suicide; Family Suspects CIA = Killed=20 Researcher", by Brian Mooar. The Washington Post, July 12, 1994, page B1.=20
"New Study Yields Little on Death of Biochemist Drugged by CIA", = by Brian=20 Mooar. The Washington Post, November 29, 1994, page B3.=20
"Mk Ultra", by Mark Jenkins. The Washington Post, September 25, = 1998, page = N15.=20
"CIA Official Sidney Gottlieb, 80, Dies", by Bart Barnes. The=20 Washington Post, March 11, 1999, page B5.=20
"The Coldest", by Ted Gup. The Washington Post, December=20 16, 2001, page=20 W9.=20
[11]=20 "Government-linked 'suicide' probed", H.P. Albarelli Jr., 8=20 September 2002.=20
[12] "Operation Midnight Climax", by Lawrence = Segel. The=20 Medical Post, September 17, = 2002, = Volume 38 Issue=20 33.=20
[13] "Woman awarded $100,000 for CIA-funded = electroshock" -=20 CBC news, 10=20 June 2004=20
[14] "Brainwash victims win cash claims" - Sunday = Times, October=20 17, 2004=20

[edit]=20 Books

Black, David = (1998). Acid:=20 The Secret History of LSD. London: Vision. ISBN= =20 1-901250-11-3. Later edition exists.=20
Bowart, W. H. = (1978).=20 Operation Mind Control: Our Secret Governments's War Against Its = Own=20 People. New York: Dell. ISBN= =20 0-440-16755-8. =20
Camper, Frank = (1997). The=20 Mk/Ultra Secret. Savannah, GA: Christopher Scott Publishing. ISBN= =20 1-889149-02-0. =20
Collins, Anne = ([1988] 1998).=20 In the Sleep Room: The Story of CIA Brainwashing Experiments in = Canada.=20 Toronto: Key Porter Books. ISBN= =20 1-55013-932-0. (Reprint edition.)=20
Douglass, Joseph = (2002).=20 Betrayed. 1st Books Library, 492. ISBN= =20 140330131X. =20
Douglass, Joseph = (1999).=20 Red Cocaine: The Drugging of America and the West. Edward = Harle, 178.=20 ISBN= =20 1899798048.= =20
Fahey, Todd = (1996).=20 Wisdom's Maw. Far Gone Books, 224. ISBN= =20 0-965-18390-4. =20
Lee, Martin; = Shlain, Bruce=20 (1985). Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, = the=20 Sixties, and Beyond. New York: Grove Press. ISBN= =20 0-8021-3062-3. =20
Marks, John = (1979). The=20 Search for the Manchurian Candidate. New York: Times Books. ISBN= =20 0-8129-0773-6. =20
McCoy, Alfred = (2006). A=20 Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the Cold War to the War = on=20 Terror. Metropolitan Books, 21 sqq.. ISBN= =20 0-8050-8041-4. =20
Ranelagh, John = (1988). The=20 Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA. Sceptre, 208-210. ISBN= =20 0-340-41230-5. =20
Ronson, Jon = (2004). The Men=20 Who Stare at Goats. Picador. ISBN= =20 0-330-37548-2. =20
Stevens, Jay = (1987).=20 Storming Heaven: LSD and The American Dream. New York: Grove = Press. ISBN= =20 0-8021-3587-0. =20
Thomas, Gordon = (1989).=20 Journey into Madness: The True Story of Secret CIA Mind Control and = Medical=20 Abuse. New York: Bantam. ISBN= =20 0-553-28413-4. =20
Vankin, = Jonathan;=20 Whalin, John (2004). 80 Greatest Conspiracies of All Time. = Citadel=20 Press. ISBN= =20 0-8065-2531-2. Chapter 1, "CIAcid Drop". =

[edit]=20 External links

Inventory list of materials in the National Security = Archive's=20 collection from John Marks' FOIA = request=20 results (which he utilized while researching his book, The Search = For The=20 Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control, The Secret History of = the=20 Behavioral Sciences, W. W. Norton, = 1979;=20 published as Norton paperback in 1991, ISBN= =20 0-393-30794-8).=20
The Frank=20 Olson Project - a website created by Frank Olson's family to = explore the=20 issues surrounding his death.=20
Declassified MKULTRA Project Documents (PDF)=20
Declassified MKULTRA Project Documents -Mirror = Site-=20
Declassified MKULTRA Project Documents -Mirror = Site- - the=20 full 4-CD collection of MKULTRA (and related) FOIA documents, online.=20
The Most Dangerous Game Downloadable 8 minute = documentary by=20 independent filmmakers GNN=20
Results of the 1973 Church Committee Hearings, on CIA = misdeeds,=20 and the 1984 Iran/Contra Hearings=20
XXVII. Testing and Use of Chemical and Biological = Agents by the=20 Intelligence Community=20
U.S. = Research on=20 Hypnosis and Mind Control Begins=20
Amy=20 Goodman Interviews Professor Alfred McCoy of = the Uni= versity=20 of Wisconsin-Madison. [15]=20
mindkiller.org's=20 archive of MK-ULTRA declassified files 19900+ from the Freedom of=20 Information act requested in early 2003.=20
Interview with=20 a Canadian victim of CIA and Canadian Government Brainwashing, The = Hour, C= anadian=20 Broadcasting Corporation, January 9, 2007.=20
Erowid MKULTRA Vault.=20
Demon=20 Technology Videos.=20
Orlikow v. U.S. Cite as 682 F.S. 77 .(D.D.C. 1988)=20
http://web.archive.org/web/20031221193346/http://www.touro= law.edu/2ndCircuit/July98/97-6116.html=20 Kronisch, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. USA, Gottlieb, Helms and unknown = agents of=20 the CIA, Defendants-Appellees.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia= .org/wiki/Project_MKULTRA"

Categories: = Devices=20 to alter consciousness | History=20 of the United States government | Central=20 Intelligence Agency operations | Psych= edelic=20 research | LSD | = Medical=20 research | Military=20 history of the United States | Milita= ry=20 psychiatry | Mind=20 control | 1953=20 establishments | Secret=20 government programs | Human=20 experimentation in the United States | Investigations=20 and hearings of the United States Congress

Hidden = categories: Articles=20 needing additional references from April 2008 | All=20 articles with unsourced statements | Articles=20 with unsourced statements since May 2008 | = All pages=20 needing cleanup | Articles=20 with disputed statements

Views

Article=20
Discussion= =20
Edit=20 this page=20
History=20

Personal tools

Log=20 in / create account

Navigation

Main page=20
Contents=20
Featured = content=20
Current = events=20
Random = article=20

Search

=20 =20 =20

Interaction

About = Wikipedia=20
Communit= y=20 portal=20
Recent=20 changes=20
Contact = Wikipedia=20
Donate to = Wikipedia=20
Help=20

Toolbox

What=20 links here=20
Related=20 changes=20
Upload file =
Special = pages=20
Printable=20 version=20
Permanent=20 link
Cite=20 this page

Languages

=D0=91=D1=8A=D0=BB=D0=B3=D0=B0=D1=80=D1=81=D0=BA=D0=B8=20
=C4=8Cesky=20
Deutsch=20
Espa=C3=B1o= l=20
Fran=C3=A7ais =
Italiano=20
Nederlands=20
=E2=80=AANorsk=20 (bokm=C3=A5l)=E2=80=AC=20
Polski=20
Portugu=C3=AAs=20
=D0=A0=D1= =83=D1=81=D1=81=D0=BA=D0=B8=D0=B9=20
Suomi=20

This page was last modified on 3 September 2008, at = 18:29.=20
All text is available under the terms of the GNU=20 Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights= =20 for details.)
Wikipedia=C2=AE is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, = Inc., a=20 U.S. registered 501(c)= (3)=20 t= ax-deductible=20 nonprofit charity= .

Privacy = policy=20
About = Wikipedia=20
Discla= imers=20