IPS Hiscock: Folklore of the "Blue Moon"

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Folklore of the "Blue Moon"

Philip=20 Hiscock
MUN Folklore & Language = Archive
Memorial=20 University of Newfoundland
St John's, Newfoundland A1B=20 3X8
Canada

[Note: the mystery has been solved = since this=20 article appeared, and the solution is revealed in the May = 1999 issue=20 of Sky & Telescope magazine, pages = 36-38.]

Depending on where you lived, 1993 had a "blue moon" in = either=20 August or September. If you were east of a line running down = the=20 Atlantic Ocean, the blue moon fell in September; west of = that line,=20 the blue month was August.

There is a lot of folklore about the moon. Modern = folklore has it=20 that full moons make for better parties and higher booking = rates at=20 mental hospitals, but all the serious studies I've read deny = the=20 relationship.

The most interesting bit of modern folklore from my point = of view=20 as a student of language and folklore is the sudden = popularity of=20 the term "blue moon." Names of moons at certain times of the = year=20 have been around a long time, and almanacs are especially = wont to=20 list twelve of them. The Harvest Moon is the best known of = these,=20 lighting up the fields sometime after the fall equinox, = enabling=20 work to continue late into the night. Of course folklorists = know=20 that the traditional belief is widespread that certain crops = harvested by the light of the moon, or alternatively in the = waning=20 of the moon, keep better than those cut at other times. The = full=20 Harvest Moon was a signal, to those who would listen, that = it was=20 time to start the last work of the year in the fields. The = late fall=20 Hunter's Moon was invented by analogy with the Harvest Moon, = and=20 some of the other almanac moon names have the same ring of = later=20 invention.

Blue Moon is different from the monthly or seasonal moon = names as=20 it isn't restricted to a time of year. It is a movable = feast.

At least once during August or September this year = [1993], you=20 probably heard through the media about the "blue moon." = People have=20 been saying that "according to folklore" the second moon in = a=20 calendar month is a "blue moon." So, they say, this is the = origin of=20 the phrase "once in a blue moon." Don't believe them! "Once = in a=20 blue moon" is old, about 150 years old, but the=20 two-full-moons-in-a-month meaning of "blue moon" is a lot = younger=20 than that. The older meaning may be wishy-washy and the = newer one=20 solid and technical, but don't let anyone tell you they have = replaced one with the other.

It's not rare to see two full moons in a month. Because = the moon=20 and our calendar are not in sync and all the months but = February are=20 longer than the moon's synodical cycle, it happens about = seven times=20 in every nineteen years. That's every thirty-three months on = average. Months have different lengths, so the phenomenon = moves=20 around a bit. In 1999 there will even be two "blue" moons. = If you=20 think about it, it's a little like getting paid every second = Friday=20 and finding that some months you get paid three times = instead of=20 twice.

Meaning is a slippery substance. The phrase "blue moon" = has been=20 around a long time, well over 400 years, but during that = time its=20 meaning has shifted. I have counted six different meanings = which=20 have been carried by the term, and at least four of them are = still=20 current today. That makes discussion of the term a little=20 complicated.

The earliest references to a blue moon are in a phrase = remarkably=20 like early references to the moon's "green cheese." Both = phrases=20 were used as examples of obvious absurdities about which = there could=20 be no argument. Four hundred years ago, if someone said, "He = would=20 argue the moon was blue," the average sixteenth century man = would=20 take it the way we understand, "He'd argue that black is = white."=20 This understanding of a blue moon being absurd (the first = meaning)=20 led eventually to a second meaning, that of "never." To say = that=20 something would happen when the moon turned blue was like = saying=20 that it would happen on Tib's Eve (at least before Tib got a = day=20 near Christmas assigned to her). Or that it would be on the = Twelfth=20 of Never.

But of course we all know there are examples of the moon = actually=20 turning blue; that's the third meaning--the moon visually = appearing=20 blue. When the Indonesian volcano Krakatoa exploded in 1883, = its=20 dust turned sunsets green and the moon blue all around the = world for=20 the best part of two years. In 1927 a late monsoon in India = set up=20 conditions for a blue moon. And the moon here in = Newfoundland was=20 turned blue in 1951 when huge forest fires in Alberta threw = smoke=20 particles up into the sky. Even by the mid-nineteenth = century it was=20 clear that although visually blue moons were rare, they did = happen=20 from time to time. So the phrase "once in a blue moon" came = about.=20 It meant then exactly what it means today--that an event was = fairly=20 infrequent, but not quite regular enough to pinpoint. That's = meaning=20 number four, and today it is still the main one.

I know of six songs which use "blue moon" as a symbol of = sadness=20 and loneliness. In half of them the poor crooner's moon = turns to=20 gold when he gets his love at the end of the song. That's = meaning=20 number five: check your old Elvis Presley or Bill Monroe = records for=20 more information.

Finally, in the 1980s, came the most recent meaning of = blue=20 moon--the second full moon in a month. I first became aware = of the=20 new meaning of the term in late May, 1988, when it seemed = that all=20 the radio stations and newspapers were carrying an item on = this=20 interesting bit of "old folklore." At the MUN Folklore & = Language Archive we get calls from all over, from people = wondering=20 about bits of folklore, and in that month I got calls about = blue=20 moons. You see there were two full moons that month.

There have been just a few double moon months since then, = and=20 this year--1993--was peculiar because the "blue moon" fell = in either=20 August or September. It fell in different months depending = on where=20 you live because the full moon was so close to midnight on = the night=20 of August 31st-September 1st. Some places got it before = local=20 midnight; others after. If your local full moon was before = your=20 local midnight, then your blue month was August; and if it = fell=20 after midnight, your blue month was September.

Back in 1988 I searched high and low for a reference to = the term=20 having this meaning, or for any other term used to describe = two=20 moons in a single calendar month. But it was in vain. There = seemed=20 to be just no history to this term. I uncovered information = on the=20 other meanings of "blue moon." But not this blue moon, = meaning=20 number six.

In December 1990, with a new "blue moon" coming on, I = started=20 getting calls again and I searched harder this time. I had = already=20 exhausted all the usual sources of historical and = astronomical=20 dictionaries, indexes of proverbial sayings and the like. A = brand=20 new edition of the huge Oxford English Dictionary had come = out in=20 the meantime, but even that seemed to have nothing on this = new=20 usage. A new tack was called for.

Almost every day I use computer networks to contact other = folklorists around the world, so I started with them. But no = one=20 could give me a use of the term earlier than the 1988 wire = stories.=20 I then turned to other computer networks, for scientists and = especially astronomers. Still no luck. "Blue moon" seemed to = be a=20 truly modern piece of folklore, masquerading as something = old. Then=20 my brother-in-law reminded me that the term was a question = in one of=20 the Trivial Pursuit boxes, the "Genus II edition," which was = published in 1986. Trivial Pursuit is a fine company for=20 scholars--they keep all their files and they can tell you = the source=20 of any bit of information in their games. Yes, they told me, = that=20 question came from a certain children's "Facts and Records" = book,=20 published in 1985. Where the authors of that book got it, no = one=20 seemed to know.

The term, used this two-full-moon way, must have been = very, very=20 local before the publication of the children's book, so = local that=20 it seemed never to have been written down by amateur or = professional=20 astronomers, or by the authors and newspapers which might = have been=20 searched by dictionary makers. It certainly was very rare. = Perhaps,=20 I thought, it was even made up by the authors of the = children's book=20 as a safeguard against plagiarism. This is sometimes done to = be able=20 to prove in a law court that a later work was stolen from = your own=20 -- how else would they have gotten something which you = invented?=20 Well, if this is what the authors did, they lost out because = the=20 term immediately entered the folklore of the modern world = and it has=20 become as living a meaning of the term "blue moon" as any of = the=20 earlier ones.

In late December 1990 I published my notes on the origin = and=20 development of the term, and posted it to an Internet = computer=20 network for folklorists. That month I also received Deborah = Byrd's=20 "Astronomy" article from that month in which she attributed = "blue=20 moon" to a note in a 1946 edition of "Sky & Telescope." = Research=20 eventually pushed that date back to 1943, and to an unnamed = Maine=20 almanac.

Deborah Byrd's late 1970's radio program, "Star Date," = may in=20 fact have been responsible for spreading the new (or reborn) = term.=20 During research for that program she ran across this 1943 = "Sky &=20 Telescope" "star quiz" which included a question about two = full=20 moons in a calendar month, the answer to which was "blue = moon." The=20 term clearly was not commonly known in 1943, and the author = of the=20 quiz, L. J. Lafleur, attributed it to a 19th century Maine = almanac.=20 I've searched for a Maine almanac with the term in it but to = no=20 avail--if any readers have such a thing, I'd be very = grateful to=20 receive a copy! On her "Star Date" show Byrd used the "blue = moon"=20 term; that probably started the ball rolling.

This is congruent with my original theory that the term = was in=20 local circulation (perhaps as local as a single Maine family = -- the=20 Lafleurs?) until it was made popular in the last decade or = two by=20 the media. Until the wire services took it in May 1988, = those three=20 media helpers were Deborah Byrd on the radio, the children's = book=20 (Margot McLoon-Basta and Alice Sigel, "Kids' World Almanac = of=20 Records and Facts," published in New York by World Almanac=20 Publications, in 1985), and the board game Trivial Pursuit. = The May=20 1988 double full moon really lifted the term off the ground = by the=20 interest of wire services feeding it to newspapers, radio = stations=20 and television newsrooms all over North America , and = perhaps the=20 world.

This new "blue moon" has a kind of technical meaning = which most=20 of the earlier ones lacked. Perhaps as a result, and = although it=20 competes with five other meanings, it will last a whole lot = longer.=20 "Old folklore" it is not, but real folklore it is.

Reference:

For a discussion of physical causes of a blue-appearing = moon,=20 with bibliography, and a list of blue moons from 1898 = through 1999,=20 see: "Once in a Blue Moon," Ronald Lane Reese and George T. = Chang,=20 in the Griffith Observer, March 1987, pp. 13-20.

************

SIDEBARS

************
once=20 in a blue moon.

The first appearance in print of this expression goes = back to=20 well before the time of Shakespeare--to 1528, in fact. In a = little=20 item called Rede Me and Be Not Wroth appears:

Yf they say the mone is blewe
We must = believe=20 that it is true.

Making allowances for the fact that the pre-Elizabethians = spelled=20 differently from the way we do today, this makes the point = that=20 nobody really believed that the moon ever was blue. So once = in a=20 blue moon meant never. However, it appears that thanks to = physical=20 phenomena like dust storms, cloud banks and ice crystals in = the=20 atmosphere, the moon on very rare occasions may appear to be = blue.=20 So nowadays once in a blue moon translates best into W. S. = Gilbert's=20 famous line from H.M.S. Pinafore: "What, never? Well, hardly = ever!"

--Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins, = William=20 and Mary Morris, Harper & Row, New York, 1977.

************

once in a blue moon

It means extremely infrequently, so rarely as to be = almost=20 tantamount to never. From literary evidence the unusual = tinge to the=20 face of the moon which led someone to call it a "blue moon" = was not=20 observed until after the middle of the last century; = nevertheless it=20 is highly probable that this phenomenon had been observed by = mariners some centuries earlier, but, like many other = notions and=20 expressions long familiar to seafaring men, it did not come = to the=20 notice of writers for many, many years. But, with another = thought in=20 mind, as long ago as 1528 a rimester published these = lines:

Yf they saye the mone is belewe,
We = must believe=20 that it is true.

Then the next year "green cheese" entered the picture in = the=20 lines of another writer: "They woulde make men beleue ... = that ye=20 Moone is made of grene cheese."

Apparently, then, there were two schools of thought back = in the=20 early sixteenth century--one maintaining that "ye Moone" was = made of=20 "grene" cheese, and the other stoutly affirming that it was=20 "belewe." Actually these ancient humorists were just = punsters with a=20 taste for metaphor; for by "green cheese," it was not the = color but=20 the freshness that was referred to--the moon, when full and = just=20 rising, resembling both in color and shape a newly pressed = cheese.=20 By "blue cheese" the ancient reference was to a cheese that = had=20 become blue with mold, metaphorically transferred, probably, = to the=20 comparatively rare appearance of the moon on unusually clear = nights=20 when the entire surface of the moon is visible although no = more than=20 a thin edge is illuminated. Thus, our phrase "once in a blue = moon"=20 may actually date back to the sixteenth-century saying that = "the=20 mone is belewe."

--A Hog on Ice and Other Curious = Expressions,
Charles=20 Earle Funk, Harper, New York, 1948

***********

"Blue Moons" in the late 20th - early 21st = Century=20 (times in UT)

1996 July 30 10:35
1999 January 31=20 16:06
1999 March 31 22:49
2001, November 30 = 20:51
2004,=20 July 31 18:06
2007, June 30 13:50
2009, December 31=20 19:14
2012, August 31, 13:58

************

Frequency of Blue Moons

A major Moon phase can happen twice within a calendar = month for=20 the simple reason that our calendar no longer pays any = attention to=20 Moon phases (even though the word "month" derives from = "Moon"). What=20 we call a month, namely 1/12 of a year, is longer than the = averge=20 length of time from a given Moon phase (say, Full) to the = next=20 recurrence of the same phase, which is 29.53059 days. There = are 1200=20 calendar months in a century. In the same century, there = are, on the=20 average, 1236.83 Full Moons. The difference is the average = number of=20 Blue Moons in a century: 36.83, or an average of one per = 2.72 years.=20 Actually, about one year each 19 has two Blue Moons, because = its=20 shortest month, February, has no Full Moon at all; for the = Eastern=20 Time Zone, the complete list of such years from 1951 through = 2050 is=20 1961, 1980, 1999, 2018, and 2037. Between such years, Blue = Moons=20 happen at intervals like 2 years and 7, 8, 9, or 10 months. = the=20 bottom line of all this complexity: just under 3% of all = Full Moons=20 are Blue Moons.

--Michigan Spacelog, July 1985, Jim = Loudon
University=20 of Michigan, Ann Arbor

************

Philip Hiscock has been Archivist at the Memorial = University of=20 Newfoundland Folklore and Language Archive since 1979. In = the 1970s=20 he did undergraduate and graduate work in Linguistics = (mainly=20 dialectology), and in the 1980s he finished an MA in = Folklore. His=20 Ph.D. in Folklore is expected in 1994 and deals with = folklore and=20 popular culture in Newfoundland in the 1930s and '40s. He = has=20 written regular columns on folklore and language for several = Newfoundland papers and magazines, and he has also appeared = many=20 times on television and radio discussing topics like blue = moons.

An earlier version of this article and the recipe for a = Blue Moon=20 appeared in The Plains Planetarian, Fall 1993. The = article=20 was published in its present form in the Planetarian, = December 1993. Copyright 1993 International Planetarium = Society. For=20 permission to reproduce please contact Executive Editor, Sharon Shanks.

For additional interesting information on Blue Moons and = a Blue=20 Moon Calculator, please see David Harper's Blue = Moon=20 page.

return to Planetaria= n=20 home page

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\n\n';}=0A= i=3Dx;}=0A= if(document.layers){container.clip.width=3Dwindow.innerWidth;container.cl= ip.height=3Dwindow.innerHeight;container.onmouseout=3DmouseoutMenu;contai= ner.menuContainerBgColor=3Dthis.menuContainerBgColor;for(var = i=3D0;i0){if(l.Menu.vertical)l.top=3Dbody.document.= layers[n-1].top+body.document.layers[n-1].clip.height+proto.menuItemBorde= r+proto.menuItemSpacing;else = l.left=3Dbody.document.layers[n-1].left+body.document.layers[n-1].clip.wi= dth+proto.menuItemBorder+proto.menuItemSpacing;}=0A= l.hilite=3Dl.document.layers[1];if(proto.bgImageUp)l.background.src=3Dpro= to.bgImageUp;l.document.layers[1].isHilite=3Dtrue;if(l.document.layers.le= ngth>2){l.childMenu=3Dcontainer.menus[i].items[n].menuLayer;l.document.la= yers[2].left=3Dl.clip.width-13;l.document.layers[2].top=3D(l.clip.height/= 2)-4;l.document.layers[2].clip.left+=3D3;l.Menu.childMenus[l.Menu.childMe= nus.length]=3Dl.childMenu;}}=0A= if(proto.menuBgOpaque)body.document.bgColor=3Dproto.bgColor;if(proto.vert= ical){body.clip.width=3Dl.clip.width+proto.menuBorder;body.clip.height=3D= l.top+l.clip.height+proto.menuBorder;}else{body.clip.height=3Dl.clip.heig= ht+proto.menuBorder;body.clip.width=3Dl.left+l.clip.width+proto.menuBorde= r;if(body.clip.width>window.innerWidth)body.clip.width=3Dwindow.innerWidt= h;}=0A= var = focusItem=3Dbody.document.layers[n];focusItem.clip.width=3Dbody.clip.widt= h;focusItem.Menu=3Dl.Menu;focusItem.top=3D-30;focusItem.captureEvents(Eve= nt.MOUSEDOWN);focusItem.onmousedown=3DonMenuItemDown;if(proto.menuBgOpaqu= e)menu.document.bgColor=3Dproto.menuBorderBgColor;var = lite=3Dmenu.document.layers[0];if(proto.menuBgOpaque)lite.document.bgColo= r=3Dproto.menuLiteBgColor;lite.clip.width=3Dbody.clip.width+1;lite.clip.h= eight=3Dbody.clip.height+1;menu.clip.width=3Dbody.clip.width+(proto.menuB= order*3);menu.clip.height=3Dbody.clip.height+(proto.menuBorder*3);}}else{= if((!document.all)&&(container.hasChildNodes)&&!window.mmIsOpera){contain= er.innerHTML=3Dcontent;}else{container.document.open("text/html");contain= er.document.writeln(content);container.document.close();}=0A= if(!FIND("menuLayer0"))return;var menuCount=3D0;for(var = x=3D0;x0)MM_showMenu(null,= "relative","relative",l.layers[i]);}=0A= if(l.parentLayer){if(x!=3D"relative")l.parentLayer.left=3Dx||window.pageX= ||0;if(l.parentLayer.left+l.clip.width>window.innerWidth)l.parentLayer.le= ft-=3D(l.parentLayer.left+l.clip.width-window.innerWidth);if(y!=3D"relati= ve")l.parentLayer.top=3Dy||window.pageY||0;if(l.parentLayer.isContainer){= l.Menu.xOffset=3Dwindow.pageXOffset;l.Menu.yOffset=3Dwindow.pageYOffset;l= .parentLayer.clip.width=3Dwindow.ActiveMenu.clip.width+2;l.parentLayer.cl= ip.height=3Dwindow.ActiveMenu.clip.height+2;if(l.parentLayer.menuContaine= rBgColor&&l.Menu.menuBgOpaque)l.parentLayer.document.bgColor=3Dl.parentLa= yer.menuContainerBgColor;}}=0A= l.visibility=3D"inherit";if(l.Menu)l.Menu.container.visibility=3D"inherit= ";}else if(FIND("menuItem0")){var = l=3Dmenu.menuLayer||menu;hideActiveMenus();if(typeof(l)=3D=3D"string")l=3D= FIND(l);window.ActiveMenu=3Dl;var = s=3Dl.style;s.visibility=3D"inherit";if(x!=3D"relative"){s.pixelLeft=3Dx|= |(window.pageX+document.body.scrollLeft)||0;s.left=3Ds.pixelLeft+'px';}=0A= if(y!=3D"relative"){s.pixelTop=3Dy||(window.pageY+document.body.scrollTop= )||0;s.top=3Ds.pixelTop+'px';}=0A= l.Menu.xOffset=3Ddocument.body.scrollLeft;l.Menu.yOffset=3Ddocument.body.= scrollTop;}=0A= if(menu)window.activeMenus[window.activeMenus.length] = =3Dl;MM_clearTimeout();}=0A= function onMenuItemDown(e,l){var = a=3Dwindow.ActiveMenuItem;if(document.layers&&a){a.eX=3De.pageX;a.eY=3De.= pageY;a.clicked=3Dtrue;}}=0A= function mouseupMenu(e){hideMenu(true,e);hideActiveMenus();return true;}=0A= function getExplorerVersion(){var = ieVers=3DparseFloat(navigator.appVersion);if(navigator.appName!=3D'Micros= oft Internet Explorer')return ieVers;var = tempVers=3Dnavigator.appVersion;var i=3DtempVers.indexOf('MSIE = ');if(i>=3D0){tempVers=3DtempVers.substring(i+5);ieVers=3DparseFloat(temp= Vers);}=0A= return ieVers;}=0A= function mouseoutMenu(){if((navigator.appName=3D=3D"Microsoft Internet = Explorer")&&(getExplorerVersion()<4.5))=0A= return true;hideMenu(false,false);return true;}=0A= function hideMenu(mouseup,e){var = a=3Dwindow.ActiveMenuItem;if(a&&document.layers){a.document.bgColor=3Da.s= aveColor;a.focusItem.top=3D-30;if(a.hilite)a.hilite.visibility=3D"hidden"= ;if(mouseup&&a.mmaction&&a.clicked&&window.ActiveMenu){if(a.eX<=3De.pageX= +15&&a.eX>=3De.pageX-15&&a.eY<=3De.pageY+10&&a.eY>=3De.pageY-10){setTimeo= ut('window.ActiveMenu.Menu.onMenuItemAction();',500);}}=0A= a.clicked=3Dfalse;if(a.Menu.bgImageOver)a.background.src=3Da.Menu.bgImage= Up;}else = if(window.ActiveMenu&&FIND("menuItem0")){if(a){a.style.backgroundColor=3D= a.saveColor;if(a.hilite)a.hilite.style.visibility=3D"hidden";if(a.hiliteS= him)a.hiliteShim.style.visibility=3D"inherit";if(a.Menu.bgImageUp)a.style= .background=3D"url("+a.Menu.bgImageUp+")";}}=0A= if(!mouseup&&window.ActiveMenu){if(window.ActiveMenu.Menu){if(window.Acti= veMenu.Menu.hideOnMouseOut)MM_startTimeout();return(true);}}=0A= return(true);}=0A= function hideChildMenu(hcmLayer){MM_clearTimeout();var = l=3DhcmLayer;for(var i=3D0;il= .Menu.container.clip.width)l.Menu.container.clip.width=3Dw;var = h=3DchildMenu.clip.height+childMenu.top-l.Menu.container.clip.top;if(h>l.= Menu.container.clip.height)l.Menu.container.clip.height=3Dh;l.document.la= yers[1].zIndex=3D0;childMenu.visibility=3D"inherit";}else = if(FIND("menuItem0")){childMenu=3DFIND(l.childMenu);var = menuLayer=3DFIND(l.Menu.menuLayer);var = s=3DchildMenu.style;s.zIndex=3DmenuLayer.style.zIndex+1;if(document.all||= window.mmIsOpera){s.pixelTop=3DmenuLayer.style.pixelTop+l.Menu.submenuYOf= fset;if(l.Menu.vertical){if(l.Menu.submenuRelativeToItem)s.pixelTop+=3Dl.= style.pixelTop;s.pixelLeft=3Dl.style.pixelWidth+menuLayer.style.pixelLeft= +l.Menu.submenuXOffset;s.left=3Ds.pixelLeft+'px';}else{s.pixelTop+=3Dl.st= yle.pixelTop;if(l.Menu.submenuRelativeToItem)s.pixelLeft=3DmenuLayer.styl= e.pixelLeft+l.style.pixelLeft+l.style.pixelWidth+(2*l.Menu.menuBorder)+l.= Menu.submenuXOffset;else = s.pixelLeft=3D(menuLayer.style.pixelWidth-4*l.Menu.menuBorder)+menuLayer.= style.pixelLeft+l.Menu.submenuXOffset;s.left=3Ds.pixelLeft+'px';}}else{va= r top=3DparseInt(menuLayer.style.top)+l.Menu.submenuYOffset;var = left=3D0;if(l.Menu.vertical){if(l.Menu.submenuRelativeToItem)top+=3Dparse= Int(l.style.top);left=3D(parseInt(menuLayer.style.width)-4*l.Menu.menuBor= der)+parseInt(menuLayer.style.left)+l.Menu.submenuXOffset;}else{top+=3Dpa= rseInt(l.style.top);if(l.Menu.submenuRelativeToItem)left=3DparseInt(menuL= ayer.style.left)+parseInt(l.style.left)+parseInt(l.style.width)+(2*l.Menu= .menuBorder)+l.Menu.submenuXOffset;else = left=3D(parseInt(menuLayer.style.width)-4*l.Menu.menuBorder)+parseInt(men= uLayer.style.left)+l.Menu.submenuXOffset;}=0A= s.top=3Dtop+'px';s.left=3Dleft+'px';}=0A= childMenu.style.visibility=3D"inherit";}else = return;window.activeMenus[window.activeMenus.length]=3DchildMenu;}}=0A= function hideActiveMenus(){if(!window.activeMenus)return;for(var = i=3D0;i=3D0)y+=3Dimg.y;return y;}=0A= ------=_NextPart_000_001F_01CA6C36.F0F82AF0--